The fourth section, Kinesthetic Perception in PD, reviews the relevant literature regarding the behavior of PD patients in kinesthetic tasks, demonstrating support for a loss of stability in kinesthetic perception in PD.
In the third section, Problems With Action Stability in PD, problems with the neural control of action stability in PD and other neurological disorders are reviewed, and possible impairments of stability of kinesthetic perception are hypothesized. Further, this principle is extended to the perceptual realm, and the concept of iso-perceptual manifold (IPM, Latash, 2018) is introduced as a physiological framework for analysis of perceptual stability. Hypothetical neural mechanisms ensuring stability of salient performance variables by multi-element systems are defined as synergies. In the second section, Stability Of Action And Perception, the classical problem of motor redundancy ( Bernstein, 1947/2020, 1967) is revisited, the principle of abundance ( Gelfand and Latash, 1998 Latash, 2012) is introduced and linked to the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis, and associated methods of analysis of movement stability ( Scholz and Schöner, 1999 reviewed in Latash et al., 2007) are considered. An original hypothesis on kinesthetic perception is introduced, notably with a modified concept of efferent copy. Further, we review briefly the theory of movement control with referent coordinates (RC), which is a recent development of the classical equilibrium-point hypothesis ( Feldman, 1966, 1986 reviewed in Feldman, 2015). The classical efferent copy concept is introduced and critically assessed. In the first section, Afferent And Efferent Components Of Kinesthetic Perception, the normative case for kinesthetic perception is introduced, including references to the neurophysiological elements contributing to the kinesthetic senses.
By itself, this is also expected to lead to impairments in the stability of kinesthetic perception: indeed, a number of recent studies have documented impaired perception of force and position in PD (reviewed in Avanzino et al., 2018).
#Kinesthetic perception definition series
As shown in a recent series of studies (reviewed in Latash and Huang, 2015), PD is associated with impaired control of action stability. We focus here on Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is one of the relatively widespread disorders of the basal ganglia caused by progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. In particular, disorders of the basal ganglia, which are traditionally described as movement disorders, have perceptual components that can be observed before any impairments are seen during clinical movement examination. Within this approach, neuroanatomical changes leading to alterations in properties of movement, including its stability, are expected to lead to changes in kinesthetic perception and its stability. In this paper, we review a theoretical approach to the neural control of movement, which interprets action-perception coupling as a natural consequence of the nature of human movements and their control. The tight coupling between action and perception has been studied in detail within the field of ecological psychology following the classical studies by Gibson (1979). Perpetually every meaningful task we complete involves action and perception of one’s body as well as the environment and its effects on the body. The capacity to sense one’s own motion and force production is a pivotal feature to the success of motor tasks in any environment.
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